Changes that were made to the 100 Worst List from 2012 to 2013:

Micro-organisms

• Add “chalara dieback of ash”, chalara fraxinea [Note: It is causing great damage in UK and Europe, is moved via nursery stock, ODA is considering a quarantine…and we don’t want it here…makes EAB look like a piker.]

·       Correct the name of a virus: Sheep Pen Hill Virus, blueberry scorch virus – New Jersey strain (BISV-NJ)

·       Add “white-nose syndrome”, Geomyces destructans

Aquatic Plants

·       After the scientific name of common reed, add in parenthesis “non-native haplotype”

·       Correct the species name of rock snot from “geminate” to “geminata”

Land Plants

·       Change “Alyssum sp.” To “Yellow-tuft alyssums”, and change the species names to “Alyssum corsicum and A. murale”

·       Change coltsfoot to “European coltsfoot”

·       Change “goat’s rue” to “goatsrue”

·       In the hawkweed category, list king-devil, orange, and yellow devil) and list the species as Hieracium piloselloides, H. aurantiacum, and H. X. floribundum.

Aquatic Invertebrates

·       Change Asian clam to “brackish-water Asian clam”

·       Add “Northern Pacific sea star”, Asterias amurensis

·       Remove mitten crabs

·       Change the crayfish species to virile and marbled

·       Lump the tunicates and call them “sea squirts”, Didemnum sp., Ciona savignyi, and Styela clava

Land Invertebrates

·       Change “brown spruce longhorn beetles” to “brown spruce longhorned beetles”

·       List the species of corn borers as “Ostrinia furnacalis, O. nubilalis

·       Change woodwasps to “Exotic woodwasps” and add “Tremex fuscicornis” as a species. [Note: Apparently a developing pest (tree killer) elsewhere in the world where introduced.  A very broad host range of broadleaved trees.  A species for which we are at constant risk for introduction via SWPM, as has been demonstrated several times recently.]

·       Change “ambrosia beetle” to “exotic ambrosia beetles” and list the species as “Platypus mutates, P. guercivorus, Xyleborus glabratus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, etc.”

·       Change Siberian moth to “Siberian moths” and list the species as “Dendrolimus pini, D. sibiricus, D. superans”

·       List the terrestrial snails as (giant African, heath, vineyard, white garden snails), and list the species as “Achatina fulica, Cernuella virgate, Theba pisana, Xerolenta obvia, etc.”

·       List the wax scales species as “Ceroplastes destructor, C. japonicas”

Reptiles

Change the species name of the eastern snapping turtle from “serpentina” to “serpentine”

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• Remove ramorum canker and blight (SOD is here to stay and we've switched to a defensive, slow-the-spread strategy).  

• Add Bean plataspid-it is spreading rapidly and causing significant damage to legumes in the SE.

• Two asterisks were added to Didemnum because this species exists in Winchester and Coos Bays in Oregon.
• One asterisk was added to club tunicate because it was previously detected in Oregon, but was eradicated or did not establish.

• Skeletonleaf bursage was removed from the list because the Oregon State Weed Board removed it from its "A" list and placed it on a watch list. It is present in the bordering county of Nez Perce, Idaho, but there is no eminent threat to Oregon.
• Texas blueweed was removed from the list because the Oregon State Weed Board removed it from its "A" List and placed it on a watch list. It is present in Yakima County, WA (under control). Washington is one year from eradicating this plant, and there is no eminent threat to Oregon.

• Alyssum species because of their ability to outcompete native forbs and plants.

• Asian kelp (Undaria pinnatifida) was added to the list because of its threat to Oregon waters (based on proximity to Oregon - it is in several bays in California) and its ability to outcompete native algae and other important species.

• Two crayfish species were added to the list to replace the invasive crayfish that have become established in the state.

• The red swamp crayfish and rusty crayfish now have established populations in Oregon, and have been removed from the list.

• Golden alage and toxic cyanobacteria were combined under algae, toxic.

• Common reed was added to the list.

• Japanese dodder was added to the list.

• Spiny waterflea and fishhook waterflea were combined under waterflea.

• Cherry leaf roll nepovirus (CLRV)is found in Oregon, although on an alternate host. It has failed to move to cherries. Also, like pear trellis rust, the damage it is capable of causing is significantly less than the new species we added to the list
• Pear trellis rust (Gymnosporangium fuscum) is established in WA and is a manageable disease. Also, it is not fatal to its host, unlike the others.

• Sudden oak death Phytophthora ramorum** (corrected spelling)

• Sheep pen hill virus blueberry hill carlavirus - New Jersey strain (BBScV-NJ) carlavirus (BBScV-NJ) (corrected name change)

• Blackberry yellow vein disease, blackberry yellow vein-associated virus (BYVaV) and blackberry virus Y (BVY) (this disease is caused by the two viruses acting synergistically) (Nancy K. Osterbauer, ODA)
• Bacterial blight of grape Xylophilus ampelinus

• Flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus-Montana is asserting that this plant could eventually spread through much of the Columbia Basin. It's not far from the northeast and southeast Oregon borders

• Mile-a-minute weed (Polygonum perfoliatum)* This species is not listed in either Oregon or Washington.
• Portugese broom (Cytisus striatus)** (Note: *Note this would be a removal because it "got away," and therefore would count against our benchmark.) This plant is a "B" rated plant in Oregon. Though Portuguese broom is a high priority for protection of our forest lands in the state, programs implementing control projects have moved from eradication mode into containment mode with this plant.

• White bryoniaBryonia alba-White bryonia is a vigorous herbaceous perennial vine resembling kudzu in appearance and growth habit. Infestations will overgrow and smother small trees and shrubs forming dense mats which shade out all the vegetation it grows upon. If established in areas with no structure to climb, it will form a dense mat covering the ground. Vines emerge each spring from a large fleshy parsnip-shaped tuber and grow rapidly, sometimes to 30 feet. Populations are documented from south-east Washington State, Idaho, Utah and Montana. Should white byronia become established in Eastern Oregon it poses a huge threat for forest and range land, not to mention ecosystems of the Hells Canyon/Snake River area.
• Goat's rue, Galega officinalis-Goat's rue, Galega officinalis.L. is a USDA federally listed noxious weed. A member of the legume family, it was introduced into Utah in 1891 as a potential forage crop. Escaping cultivation, it now occupies in excess of 60 square miles in Cache, County, Utah. Within this area, goat's rue infests cropland, fence lines, pastures, roadsides, waterways, and wet, marshy areas (Evans and Ashcroft 1982). The plant's stems and leaves contain a poisonous alkaloid, galegin, which renders the plant unpalatable to livestock, and toxic in large quantities. It is particularly lethal to sheep. Because of these issues, goat's rue invasion can reduce forage availability and quality.
• Oblong spurge, Euphorbia oblongata-Oblong spurge is a weedy escaped ornamental species of Euphorbia known from only one site in Salem, Oregon. Suspected to have been introduced from California in contaminated flax or machinery that was used at the State Penitentiary flax mill in the early part of the 1900's, it has slowly expanded its territory on the penitentiary property. Growing up to 3' tall, this species is capable of forming dense stands in more arid climates and could be expected to be a troublesome weed to control should it spread and establish in eastern Oregon.

• Unnamed estuarine snail (Coos Bay), Assiminea sp. (Increasingly widespread establishment is one of our criteria for bumping a species off the 100 worst list. The small brackish water snail we saw on the rip-rap of the Yaquina river, capable of carrying the human liver flukes parasite is Assiminea parasitological.

• Red swamp crayfish (Louisiana crayfish), Procambarus clarkia- Native to south central United States, this species has been found in California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Noted for its burrowing activity which could damage dams, levees, and water control structures. Introduced into Oregon as a bait species and releases from classroom science experiments.

• Pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) PSB does not appear to present a threat to forest ecosystems, primarily being a threat to Christmas tree plantations. Granted, the latter commodity is important, but pines are being phased out as Christmas trees in favor of other species which are not hosts known to support PSB reproduction.
• Sawyers (Monochamus urussovi*, M. alternatus)* (I think there is too little information to support the two Monochamus spp. as major threats to our forests).

• Vineyard snail, Cernuella virgata and heath snail, Xerolenta obvia-These two snails have the potential to be pests of many more commodities (cereals, forage crops, grapes, orchards, etc.) and would greatly increase molluscicide use. They are certainly much more difficult to control or eradicate than PSB and probably more so than Monochamus species. The technologies for detection and delimitation are also much less effective (try "primitive"). At least one of these species can also vector human and animal parasites and both can vector plant diseases.

• Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (Move black carp with Asian carp to group like species).

• Threadfin shad (yellow tails, shad and shad minnow), Dorosoma petenense- Native to the south-central United States and introduced into parts of the northern United States. Arizona and California as a forge and baitfish for warm water fish species such as largemouth bass, crappie and walleye. Feeds on zooplankton, and breeds quickly.
• Golden shiner, Noteigonus crysoleucas- Native to eastern United States. Introduced as a baitfish, ornamental and forage fish. Impact to Oregon is through competition with native fish for food and habitat. Lays up to 200, 000 eggs and may spawn more than once during a breeding season.

• Species prohibited by regulation are eligible including species listed as weeds on the state "A" list; pest species for which the state maintains an external quarantine or is protected by a federal quarantine; and species prohibited by the wildlife integrity rules.
• Species which meet at least three of the following additional criteria are also eligible:
  
  • Has a history of invasiveness in the Pacific Northwest or similar Ecoregions 
  • Likely to cause ecological harm to native species or their habitats in Oregon 
  • Likely to cause significant economic loss in Oregon
  • Capable of harming the health of humans or beneficial plants and animals in Oregon 
  • Reasonably susceptible to intentional or inadvertent introduction into Oregon
  • Capacity to spread via natural reproduction in Oregon
  • Difficult to eradicate based on past global history

• Has become established in Oregon beyond a small, contained range; or

• Lower priority than another eligible species not currently on the list