Frequently asked questions about HAIs
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What is a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?
A healthcare-associated infection, or HAI, is an infection that a patient gets while having healthcare for another reason. HAIs can happen in any part of the body, including urine, lungs, blood, wounds, and the gut. HAIs can be acquired in hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, outpatient dialysis centers, nursing homes, and other long-term care facilities.
Some examples of HAIs are
Clostridium difficile, diarrhea caused by antibiotics, surgical site infections, and urinary tract infections associated with catheters. Certain necessary treatments (including antibiotics, chemotherapy, surgery, and catheters) can make patients more vulnerable to germs that cause these infections. Infections can be transmitted by hands or medical equipment that has not been properly cleaned.
Why should I be concerned about HAIs?
Healthcare-associated infections can lead to the need for stronger or more antibiotics, more treatments, more days in the hospital, more cost for the patient and the hospital, and even severe complications or death. Infection preventionists in healthcare systems are always on the lookout for ways to prevent HAIs. Simple and effective ways to prevent HAIs include excellent hand hygiene, safe injection practices, effective disinfection procedures of medical equipment and rooms, and useful infection control policies.
What information can I use to evaluate hospital safety?
Below we provide some federal and state resources that can help you evaluate how hospitals are performing in relation to HAIs.
Hospital Compare
Medicare.gov publishes a useful online tool called
Hospital Compare. With this tool, you can compare hospitals in your region and browse topic areas such as patients’ experiences, timely and effective care and Medicare payment.
- Visit Hospital Compare (www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare/search.html).
- Instructions: Enter your location, click “Search,” and a list of hospitals will appear.
- Select the hospitals you would like to compare, click “Compare Now.”
- HAI information is found under “Readmissions, complications and death.”
Oregon Healthcare-Acquired Infections Annual Report and Interactive Maps
The Oregon Health Authority (OHA) publishes an annual report on HAIs in Oregon. This report contains some of the same information as Hospital Compare, but is centered on Oregon-specific requirements. The OHA HAI report spans more years of continuous data, uses more specific data (e.g., Standardized Infection Ratios, or SIR), and presents more detailed information on different types of surgical site infections.
What can I do as a patient to prevent healthcare-associated infections?
Your priority is to get well, but here are a few things that you and your caregivers can do to make your interactions with healthcare as safe as possible:
-
Speak up
Talk to your doctor about any worries you have about your safety and ask what they are doing to protect you. -
Keep hands clean
If you do not see your providers clean their hands, please ask them to do so. Also remind your loved ones and visitors. Washing hands can prevent the spread of germs. -
Ask if you still need a central line catheter or urinary catheter
Leaving a catheter in place too long increases the chances of getting an infection. -
Ask your healthcare provider questions
Will there be a new needle, new syringe, and a new vial for this procedure or injection? Healthcare providers should never reuse a needle or syringe on more than one patient. -
Be careful with medications
Avoid taking too much medicine by following package directions. To avoid harmful drug interactions, tell your doctor about ALL the medicines you are taking. -
Get smart about antibiotics
Help prevent antibiotic resistance by taking all your antibiotics as prescribed, and not sharing your antibiotics with other people. Remember that antibiotics don’t work against viruses like the ones that cause the common cold.
Learn more about safe antibiotic use. -
Prepare for surgery
There are things you can do to reduce your risk of getting a surgical site infection. Talk to your doctor to learn what you should do to prepare for surgery. Let your doctor know about other medical problems you have. -
Watch out for
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
Tell your doctor if you have severe diarrhea, especially if you are also taking an antibiotic. -
Know the symptoms of Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection
Tell your doctor if you have redness, pain, fever, or catheter or surgical incision drainage. -
Get your flu shot
Protect yourself against the flu and other complications by getting vaccinated.
Learn more about flu prevention. Source:
Adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
10 Ways to be a Safe Patient
What are some common HAIs?
HAIs are caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and are often associated with medical devices. Some of the bacteria are multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO).
Many HAIs cause significant illness or death, particularly among immunocompromised, elderly, or vulnerable populations. Oregon Public Health is working with healthcare facilities to improve patient safety by improving infection prevention knowledge and practice.
Learn more about HAIs.
Common HAIs include:
- Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus (VRE)
-
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
- Candidemia
- Multidrug-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
- Carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacterales (CRE)
What is OHA doing to prevent HAIs?
OHA has an HAI team in the Acute and Communicable Disease Prevention section dedicated to detecting and preventing the spread of HAIs and multidrug-resistant organisms.
Learn more about HAI prevention.
Are Oregon healthcare facilities required to notify patients after serious adverse events?
The short answer is no. However, some Oregon hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, nursing homes, dialysis facilities, and pharmacies voluntarily participate in the confidential "Patient Safety Reporting Program" (PSRP) curated by the Oregon Patient Safety Commission. Healthcare facility participants report serious adverse events to the program, and pledge to provide verbal and written notification to patients; shared learning to prevent future adverse events is the goal of the program.
For more information and to see if your healthcare facility participates visit:
Oregon Patient Safety Commission.
Learn more by reading specific Oregon Administrative Rules (OARs):
Who can I call if I'm concerned I have an HAI?
Speak with your healthcare provider if you think you may have had an infection following healthcare.
Get assistance in discussing the incident with your provider, and learn about your rights following an adverse medical event in Oregon through the Oregon Patient Safety Commission’s
Early Discussion and Resolution Program.
To submit a concern, please contact the relevant licensing authority:
- For a hospital, ambulatory surgery center, birthing center, dialysis center, home hospice:
www.healthoregon.org/hcrqi
Select “Complaint Intake Form” in the left hand navigation, or call (971) 673-0546.
For general questions, you can contact the Healthcare-Associated Infections Program at the Acute and Communicable Disease Prevention Section:
(971) 673-1111 or email: ohd.acdp@dhsoha.state.or.us.
See Also